| by B.Raman
“We shall not give up our struggle for
preserving our ethnic, religious and cultural identity. We shall not give up
our reverence for His Holiness the Dalai Lama. We will not lose hopes of his
returning to our homeland one day and guiding us again. We are Tibetans and we
shall prevail.”
( November 10, 2012, Chennai, Sri Lanka
Guardian) That is the message of defiance that the Tibetans living in the Tibet
Autonomous Region (TAR), Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan have been sending
loud and clear to Mr.Hu Jintao, the outgoing General Secretary of the Communist
Party of China (CPC) and his successor
Mr.Xi Jinping, who will be taking over next week at the end of the 18th
Congress of the CPC being held at Beijing from November 8,2012.
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The Chinese were able to suppress the violent uprising of March 2008, within a few days, but they have not been able to suppress the self-immolation and satyagraha movements for over 18 months.
The Tibetan people have reasons to be
bitter against Mr.Hu. He made his name as a party functionary in the TAR where
he was posted. His ruthless suppression of the Tibetans caught the eyes of Deng
Xiao-ping who had him brought to Beijing and groomed to be the General
Secretary of the CPC one day.
Hu Jintao was appointed Party Secretary
of the TAR on December 9, 1988, in replacement of comparatively
liberal-minded Wu Jinghua, belonging to
the Yi nationality, who was a protégé of Hu Yaobang. The next day, there was a
huge demonstration in Lhasa. People’s Armed Police Units opened fire on the
demonstrators killing many of them.
Hu arrived in Lhasa in mid-January 1989
and took over as the Party Secretary. On January 23, 1989, Hu went to Shigatse,
the seat of the Panchen Lama, to make a courtesy call on him.Hu reportedly told
the Panchen Lama that he "considered himself a member of the Tibetan
people" and "would share a common fate with the Tibetan people and
work wholeheartedly for their benefit." In his reply, the Panchen Lama
reportedly criticised in strong language the Chinese rule of Tibet. A few days
after the meeting, the Panchen Lama died under mysterious circumstances in his
Shigatse monastery. The cause of his death was not established.
In March,1989, there were huge
demonstrations against the Chinese rule in Lhasa, which lasted three days. Over
40 Tibetans were allegedly killed when People’s Armed Police Units repeatedly
fired on the demonstrators. On March 7,1989, Hu imposed Martial Law in Lhasa
and had a large number of Tibetans arrested. In a broadcast over Radio Lhasa on
April 20,1989, Hu referred to the March demonstrations as a "major
event" and compared their significance with the March 1959 Tibetan
uprising and the 1962 Indo-China war. In
the summer of 1989 when martial law was imposed in Beijing in the wake of
violence in the Tiananmen Square, it had already been in effect in Lhasa for
weeks. Hu Jintao reportedly sent a telegram from Tibet to Prime Minister Li
Peng and Deng expressing his support for the crackdown in Beijing. In October
1990, after a visit by Jiang Zemin, who had replaced Zhao Ziyang as the CPC
General Secretary, to Lhasa, Hu was transferred to Beijing to work under Jiang.
Till 1992, he continued to be designated as the Party Secretary in the TAR, but
he was working from Beijing. In October 1992, Hu handed over as the Secretary
of the TAR to Chen Kuiyuan.
Tibetan hopes that despite his ruthless
record in Lhasa, Hu, as the No.2 to Jiang and subsequently as the CPC General
Secretary from 2002, would follow a reconciliatory policy towards the Tibetans
were belied. He pushed forward the policy of Han colonisation of Tibet and
stepped up the economic development of the TAR hoping that rapid economic
development would reduce the alienation of the Tibetans.
This did not happen. On the contrary,
the CPC’s arrest of the successor to the Panchen Lama designated by His
Holiness the Dalai Lama in accordance with the Buddhist traditions and the
imposition of a Panchen Lama selected by the CPC aggravated the alienation. The
situation became worse following the refusal of the CPC under Hu’s leadership
to negotiate with the Dalai Lama on the grant of greater autonomy to the
Tibetan people and the unification of all the Tibetan areas of China spread
across the TAR, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan. The CPC under Hu repeatedly
made it clear that any talks with His Holiness will be only on his future and
not on the future of Tibet. It also repeatedly rejected the demand for the
re-unification of all the Tibetan areas.
This added to the alienation of the
Tibetan people and a movement for the independence of Tibet started under the
Tibetan Youth Congress (TYC). There was a fresh outbreak of violence in the TAR
and other Tibetan areas in March 2008, before the Beijing Olympics to draw the
attention of the international community to the continued suppression of the
Tibetans. The uprising was ruthlessly put down by the Chinese security forces.
The crushing of the uprising led to a
reconsideration of the strategy by the Tibetan youth and monks who embarked on
a peaceful protest movement based on the satyagraha movement of Mahatma Gandhi
and Nelson Mandela. This was a two-pronged movement based on self-immolations
by monks and others in protest against the Chinese rule and peaceful gatherings
to preach the message “Be Tibetan, Speak
Tibetan, Eat Tibetan and Live Tibetan.”
The self-immolation movement that
started in the Kirti monastery of the Sichuan province in March last year was
initially concentrated in the Sichuan province. It has since been spreading to
Qinghai, Gansu and the TAR. Only the Tibetan areas of Yunnan have remained
unaffected so far. The Tibetans project the self-immolations as voluntary and
spontaneous due to resentment over the Chinese rule, but the Chinese
authorities suspect that the self-immolations are being orchestrated with the
blessings of His Holiness by a hitherto unidentified organisation. They have
announced a reward for anyone who will help in identifying the organisation.
As the CPC Congress approached, the self-immolations
have picked up momentum to draw the attention of the international media who
have gathered in Beijing for the CPC Congress to the plight of the Tibetans.
Since November 7, there have been six more self-immolation attempts, with at
least two of them turning fatal. The self-immolations, which were initially
started by the Tibetan monks, are now being resorted to by young Tibetan youth.
The simultaneous Tibetan identity movement based on the concept of Gandhiji’s
satyagraha has also been spreading.
The Chinese were able to suppress the
violent uprising of March 2008, within a few days, but they have not been able
to suppress the self-immolation and satyagraha movements for over 18 months.
The talks between the representatives of
His Holiness and the CPC are in a state
of suspension.
The Tibetans are hoping that Xi Jinping,
who comes from a liberal-minded family and who had not served in the Tibetan
areas in his career, might adopt a more conciliatory policy towards them. Xi,
who takes over as the CPC General Secretary next week, will be taking over as
the State President only next March.
There are expectations that even after handing over as the State President, Hu
will try to continue as the Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CPC)
of the party for some more months thereby retaining control of the PLA and
other Chinese security forces.
Even if Xi wants to follow a more
nuanced policy towards the Tibetans, he may not be able to do so as Hu retains
control of the PLA through his chairmanship of the Party CMC.
This may please be read in continuation
of my article of October 28,2012, titled “Tibetan Self-Immolations mount,
spread geographically as CPC Congress Nears”.
(The writer is Additional Secretary (retd),
Cabinet Secretariat, Govt. of India, New Delhi, and, presently, Director,
Institute For Topical Studies, Chennai, and Associate of the Chennai Centre For
China Studies. E-mail: seventyone2@gmail.com
Twitter @SORBONNE75)
